A revista Intuitio (Qualis A4) é vinculada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia da UFFS e tem por objetivo a publicação de artigos, resenhas e traduções na área de Filosofia, de modo a contribuir para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa filosófica no âmbito da Pós-Graduação, bem como estimular o debate acadêmico e a reflexão sobre os temas relevantes na área. ISSN 1983-4012 | indexada em: Latindex, Miguilim, Diadorim
This article investigates the relationship between Henri Bergson's philosophy and the limits of language in the expression and constitution of the self. The discussion, starting from Bergson, centers on the distinction between the superficial self, manifested through spatialized language and the association of ideas; and the deep self, the qualitative continuity of duration, that is, the real time, that eludes static representation. Engaging with the positions of philosophers such as Sellars, Ryle, and Wittgenstein, we present a traditional conception that associates the mind with language, highlighting the ontological error identified by Bergson in reducing the complexity of states of consciousness to mere semantic constructions. Subsequently, we observe that language, while indispensable for communication and the organization of thought, limits the apprehension of inner reality, as it only captures a surface layer of the mental flow. Thus, Bergson argues that consciousness requires an intuitive approach that transcends the confines of the sayable, enabling a direct experience of the self’s continuity.
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FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: BETWEEN THE MILLIAN IDEAL AND THE ALGORITHMIC REALITY
The essay analyzes the validity of the classical conception of freedom of expression formulated by John Stuart Mill considering the contemporary scenario of social media and digital platforms. The reflection starts from the premise that the ideal of absolute freedom of expression was conceived within a specific historical context, marked by external restrictions and a scarcity of dissenting voices. However, the current digital environment is governed by logics of selective visibility, algorithmic filtering, and performative discourse, which profoundly reshape the way speech circulates, is heard, and impacts the public sphere. The promise of pluralism and deliberation is strained by systems that amplify certain content, silence others, and guide interactions according to opaque criteria. In this context, the article argues that it is no longer possible to uphold an absolute conception of freedom of expression. The structural functioning of platforms prevents this freedom from being exercised equitably, making it urgent to revise its foundational assumptions. The central thesis is that freedom of expression, if understood in its classical form, does not find support in the real conditions imposed by the digital ecosystem.
Vulnerability and Poverty: Contexts of Human Rights Violations
This article aims to explore the differences and emerging approaches to understanding contemporary aporophobia. We address the concepts of vulnerability and poverty, observing the inconsistencies caused by the inseparability of both social phenomena of inequality. In this context, the concept of “capabilities”, the synthesis that remains from the tension between the two concepts, is fundamental for us to understand how nations and societies expand or hinder the access of individuals in vulnerable situations to their capabilities to lead dignified lives. Indeed, while absolute poverty deals with the inability to consume the existential minimum to maintain life, vulnerability is sustained by factual elements of political minorities that do not participate in the improvement of life when they are guaranteed the consumable minimum duly met.
Aporophobia. Capabilities. Human rights. Poverty. Vulnerability.
Political recognition and social vulnerability of women, youth and children: precariousness and lack of protection from transnational migration in a municipality in Southern Brazil
The project addresses the social vulnerability of international migrants. In the absence of social and qualitative data, and due to the lack of specific public policies aimed at sustaining the lives of the international migrant population, the vulnerability of foreigners in Brazil is considered, especially those with little or no political recognition, such as women, youth, and children. Therefore, the following question is posed: Are the vulnerability experiences of migrant women, youth, and children recognized by public policies in a municipality within the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre? This investigation is justified by the need to address the forms of social vulnerability faced by these groups in local contexts, as weak or non-existent specific public policies. The study aims to understand the political recognition and vulnerabilities experienced by transnational migrant women, youth, and children concerning social policies in a municipality of the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This is an interdisciplinary investigation with a qualitative and exploratory approach, focusing on the processes of social inclusion and public policies for migration. Methodologically, it combines a narrative literature review with document analysis and fieldwork. It is understood that the lack of social protection for transnational migrants reinforces the vulnerability inherent in the migratory process for social groups such as women, youth, and children. There is a low level of adherence to non-specific social policies by migrants. In light of precarious living conditions, there is a clear need to strengthen and expand care networks in the absence of specific social policies.
The article analyzes the complex intersections between legal systems, technological advances, and states of vulnerability in contemporary society. It proposes a tripartite analytical taxonomy of technological vulnerabilities: material, moral, and legal, demonstrating how these dimensions interact from an intersectional perspective. It examines typologies of vulnerability in the digital context, including algorithmic discrimination, digital surveillance, and socio-technical exclusion. The work discusses various philosophical approaches to addressing the ethical dilemmas of technology, such as deontology, utilitarianism, theory of justice, capabilities approach, and ethics of care. It analyzes emerging regulatory paradigms, such as data protection legislation, reinterpretation of fundamental rights, and algorithmic governance. It concludes that addressing technological vulnerabilities requires pluralistic, contextually sensitive approaches grounded in a relational understanding of vulnerability that recognizes our shared interdependence
Resenha de With Power Comes Responsibility : The Politics of Structural Injustice de Maeve McKeown
A presente resenha trata acerca do livro With power comes responsability - The politics of Structural Injustice de Maeve Mckeown, lançado em 2024. A resenha apresenta os principais pontos do trabalho de Mckeown e como ela se insere dentro da literatura atual, bem como de que forma dialoga com a obra de Iris Young.
Truthmakers for Negative Existentials: a neo-Meinongian Approach
The purpose of this article is to present a neo-Meinongian solution to the Truthmaking Problem of Negative Existentials. In other words, I attempt to offer what I presume to be the best Meinongian solution to the problem of answering what kind of object can make negative existentials true. Still, before offering this solution, this paper articulates the relationship between this truthmaking problem and the metaontological paradox of negative existentials.
Este trabalho investiga a relação entre ficção e filosofia, destacando as contribuições da ficção para a compreensão de questões filosóficas. Parte-se da concepção wittgensteiniana de que os problemas filosóficos são, em essência, problemas gramaticais, ou seja, resultam de confusões no uso da linguagem. A partir dessa perspectiva, busca-se compreender como a gramática de nossa linguagem estrutura tanto o pensamento filosófico quanto as narrativas ficcionais. Para isso, examina-se a relação entre gramática e ficção, analisando a forma como exemplos ficcionais podem esclarecer conceitos e explorar diferentes modos de significação. Além disso, destaca-se a distinção entre sintomas e critérios na atribuição de significado aos signos linguísticos, demonstrando como essa diferenciação pode ser fundamental para evitar ambiguidades conceituais. Por fim, argumenta-se que a filosofia pode ser compreendida ao se relacionar com a ficção, na medida em que muitos problemas filosóficos se tornam mais acessíveis e compreensíveis quando analisados por meio de exemplos ficcionais ou situações hipotéticas. Ao considerar a ficção como um recurso investigativo, evidencia-se seu papel na formulação e na resolução de problemas filosóficos, ampliando as possibilidades de reflexão e interpretação no campo da filosofia.
Indifference and the desertion of subjectivity in Catherine Malabou’s approach
In this article, we explore Catherine Malabou’s (1956–) contribution to the deconstruction of the subjectivity of traditional metaphysics, carried out through her theses on the constitution of psychic subjectivity and the deconstitution of identity resulting from trauma. In this sense, we address the roles of the brain, homeostasis, and, above all, affects in the formation of psychic subjectivity, understood as the emergence—into consciousness and self-consciousness—of processes of physiological self-regulation and plastic self-formation. Affects are movements within these processes and, as such, constitute the subject’s connections to life and to what matters, structuring “higher” psychic acts such as language, cognition, and decision-making. Affective and neural subjectivity is far more fragile and vulnerable, as it is ontologically exposed to accident. In light of this, trauma is a violent shock to affective processes, disturbing the human capacity to experience affects and leading to a state of disaffection or indifference, triggering a destructive plasticity that annihilates identity and the processes of receiving and giving form to oneself. This constitutes a desertion of subjectivity, which carries profound political implications.
Por uma filosofia à brasileira das matas e das ruas
The objective of this article is to show the urgent necessity for philosophical self-criticism regarding the insufficiency of Eurocentric authors in considering the interests of black and indigenous people. As an example, we present the theses of two of the greatest critics of the fundamental institutions of Eurocentrism (the State and the Church) within Europe itself: Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche. We show how the institutions previously mentioned are valued similarly in Brazil. In that perspective, we assert the importance of the existence of brazilian philosophies that deviate from the ideal of protecting Christian and state principles. Furthermore, we present one of them based on empirical experiences in the forests and streets.
Sentences involving fictional proper names pose some difficulties, whether in Frege's or Russell's interpretation. In Frege's case, a sentence like ‘Capitu is a fictional character’ is neither true nor false, contrary to our intuition. In Russell's case, such a sentence would be false, also contrary to our intuition. Another limitation of these two approaches concerns cases of anaphora, in which an occurrence of a fictional name refers to a flesh-and-blood individual while its anaphoric pronoun refers to a created entity, as in ‘Capitu is a woman from Rio de Janeiro, she is a fictional character created by Machado de Assis’. I argue that the metaphysical solution created by Recanati to deal with this problem through mental archives is too ad hoc. The perspective that I defend here to deal with these two problems is pluralistic. In fact, both Frege's and Russell's approaches presuppose Classical Logic. But non-classical logics, specifically some free, modal and multivalued logics, seem to offer quite promising approaches that, although we must give up some important classical principles, such as the Principle of Compositionality and/or the Principle of Bivalence, we are better guided by our intuition, without having a commitment to Recanati's exaggerated metaphysical framework
A analítica existencial de Martin Heidegger a partir do seu diálogo com a filosofia aristotélica
Com sua analítica existencial, parece-nos que Heidegger procura resolver a questão que Aristóteles inaugurou para o estudo da ontologia quando afirmou que o ente se diz em vários sentidos. Heidegger compreende que, uma vez que o ente se diz em vários sentidos, manifesta-se que a questão do sentido do Ser não só se torna o leitmotiv da investigação do Ser de todo, como ainda estabelece a partir de si a necessidade de conduzir o encaminhamento de tal investigação através da pergunta acerca das condições de possibilidade da abordagem metafísica do Ser enquanto entidade do ente. O filósofo compreende, ainda, que a partida adequada para esse propósito consiste em conceber a questão da compreensão do Ser enquanto questão prioritária. Com este artigo, pretendemos nos esclarecer precisamente como Heidegger, a partir de sua compreensão própria da filosofia de Aristóteles, logra legitimar a necessidade da analítica existencial através do seu método fenomenológico de pesquisa, enquanto estudo preliminar da investigação ontológica, fixando o modo mesmo desta conceber a compreensão do Ser.
Neste trabalho busca-se uma interpretação do conceito de contradição sobredeterminada conforme ele aparece, sobretudo, no texto Contradição e sobredeterminação [1962] da obra Por Marx de Louis Althusser. Isto, na medida em que esse conceito contribui para a compreensão da dialética marxista. Num primeiro momento revisitamos alguns dos textos marxianos mobilizados pelo autor. Em um segundo momento, analisamos a relação do texto de Althusser com o texto no qual ele se inspirou, isto é, o Sobre a contradição [1937] de Mao Tse-tung. Por fim, buscamos apontar alguns dos possíveis efeitos buscados pelo autor com esse texto que permaneceu em aberto.
The incompatibility between positive eugenie and capitalismo
The following work intends to answer the question “eugenic technologies must be used just for healing or could it also be used for improvement too?”. Therefore, the text is built on the contextualization and discussion of: (1) the bioconservative view of Jürgen Habermas and Michael Sandel on the problems of genetic engineering usage as a positive eugenie and (2) through the presentation of the ethics theory of Tristam Engelhardt and his applications at bioethics. Finally, (3) some of the reasons that justify biological improvement are analyzed attached to some of the political and social consequences that come from it.
Key-words: Genetic engineering. Freedom. Ethics.
A Fenomenologia resguarda em si um esforço perene de renovação. A auto denominada Nova Fenomenologia, elaborada por Hermann Schmitz ao longo do sex. XX, destaca-se justamente por ser uma vertente que, ao revisitar e revisar a abordagem fenomenológica, mas também por desmontar modelos e concepções filosóficas historicamente herdadas, pretende desvelar novas camadas da experiência humana a serem elucidados conceitualmente. A obra New phenomenology: a brief introduction, de Schmitz, oferece um panorama desta vertente fenomenológica através da apresentação de uma série de temas que tomam como partida a investigação da experiência corporal em sua dimensão involuntária.
Considerations on the bases of the phenomenological existentialism of The Second Sex
This paper seeks to present the bases of the phenomenological thought of the work The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir. The work, despite not being and not intending to be a philosophical treatise in the strict sense of the word, presents several philosophical features that deserve to be examined in detail. With this explanation we seek to: i) insert Beauvoir's thought within a philosophical tradition; ii) sustain that, even without philosophical pretensions, the text is configured as a philosophical text; iii) to problematize the Beauvoirian analysis of women and their situation from the point of view of phenomenology and existentialism.
The inseparability between subjectivity and objectivity in Sartre
The aim of this essay is to demonstrate that phenomenological ontology distinguishes Jean-Paul Sartre from both classical realism and idealism. While both types of beings appear together in appearance, Sartre's method points to a distinction between being-in-itself and being-for-itself. Although beings are separated on the ontological plane, phenomenologically, their unity becomes apparent. In view of this factual confluence between these two beings, the preeminence of existence on the part of being-in-itself and the preeminence of signification on the part of being-for-itself are established. Thus, it is also necessary to show that, in the intricate relationship between objectivity and subjectivity, being-for-itself, by virtue of its ability to bestow meaning on ontic reality, is not confined to its facticity and is capable of transcending it, even though it finds itself in inescapable situations that are not desired by it.
The influence of Husserl's phenomenological criticism on Leo Strauss's political philosophy is the central theme of this paper. I will analyze Strauss's relationship with Husserl's insight, specifically, his critique of scientism and the centrality of the “lifeworld” to his philosophical approach. More precisely, Strauss's relationship with Husserl's mature texts that came to compose his monumental work “Die Krisis” will be shown. Thus, through visiting texts, letters and lectures left by Strauss, I intend to show that there is, in fact, a strong influence of Husserl in his rescue of some elements of classical political philosophy as an alternative for renewing contemporary social and political science.
Alterity and phenomenon in the ontology of Jean-Paul Sartre
The objective of this article is to present the status of alterity and phenomenon in Sartre, as dependent on intentionality, as addressed in the Introduction of Being and Nothingness. In this regard, we situate alterity as distinct from intersubjectivity, as something more fundamental, based on The Transcendence of the Ego and Being and Nothingness. Furthermore, the analysis of alterity focuses on the sartrean novelty of transphenomenality, enabling a dynamic phenomenology, far from the extremes of realism and idealism.
On the Multiple Modes of Apprehension of the I in the Husserlian Itinerary
In this paper, we intent to shows the transformations suffered by the notion of I in the course of husserlian itinerary; since it was excluded of the field of an phenomenology of the living-experiences, as in the Logical Investigations, going through the discovering of the Transcendental I, as the pole witch all the living-experiences as referred to, how it was shown in Ideas I, until the investigation of the constitution of this I, that would be required by a Genetic Phenomenology. Therefore, we intent to present the distinctions and the relations between the three notions of I shown at the husserlian itinerary, and we intent to answer how the multiple modes of apprehensions of the I occurs.
The (De)centralization of the Ego in Michel Henry's Phenomenology of Life
This paper seeks to elucidate the constitution of the transcendental ego in Michel Henry's Phenomenology of Life (1922-2002). Initially, we will briefly present the constitution of meaning from the transcendental ego as proposed by Edmund Husserl (1859-1938). Next, we will discuss the problem of this transcendental ego, since, for Henry, Husserlian phenomenology leaves the region of being of the ego itself obscure. Henry argues that the transcendental ego does not constitute itself; it is secondary to what constitutes it. What precedes and makes possible the transcendental ego itself is the region of being that Michel Henry calls Life. In this way, the ego does not constitute itself, but it arises passively from this ontological region from transcendental birth. Since this Life is the foundation, it is the ontological condition that makes all manifestation possible. For this study, the works L'Essence de la manifestation (2011), Phénoménologie de la vie: Tome I, De la phénoménologie (2003), and Phénoménologie de la vie: Tome III, de l'art et du politique (2003) will be used. It is therefore necessary to understand how radicalization operates in Michel Henry's Phenomenology of Life in order to reach the meaning of the foundation that constitutes the transcendental ego, identified as the ontological region of Life.
Husserl and the intersubjective condition of the human being
This article attempts to demonstrate the process carried out by Husserl, from his phenomenology, to found the possibility of intersubjectivity among subjects, starting from the analysis of the V Cartesian Meditation. The german philosopher goes a long way to collaborate in making each subject aware of his own nature: we are intersubjective beings called to an interrelation that collaborates with the development of our own subjectivity, when this is developed together with the others around us. In this way it is possible to think of empowering the experience of the subjects by forming intermonadic communities, that is, communities of subjects with spiritual actions that can share intentionalities or certain purposes. From this effort arises the opportunity to give and receive from others based on lived experiences and the exchange of affinities.
The article's theme limits its research scope to the work Ontology: Hermeneutics of Facticity, by Heidegger. The aim is to indicate how the philosopher operates his hermeneutic phenomenology to develop a science originating from the fact of life, as this concerns facticity in its most immediate givenness. A hermeneutic phenomenology of factical life is an investigation that seeks the immediate meaning of facticity. Heidegger has evidence that arriving at such a determination of factical life depends on addressing life itself in its everyday constitution, the today of our time; thus, depending on dealing with the interpretations consolidated in today and which condition the effort of factical life to understand oneself. This article reviews these contexts and analyzes them.
This article aims to present phenomenological thought based on Husserl's notion of intentionality and its impact on contemporary thought, focusing on the shift in the concept of knowledge within Husserl's intended epistemology and its subsequent transformation in existential approaches of the 20th century. The article aims to show how the notion of intentionality, as received by a certain French tradition, allows for a displacement of the role of knowledge in Husserl's work, from being the privileged means of exposing truth to an unexpected openness toward existence. The dream of unequivocal knowledge does not achieve its goal, but it enables a renewed engagement with the world and opens pathways for other critical thoughts.
Da relação entre moral e ontologia em Simone de Beauvoir
Embora o maior interesse de Beauvoir tenha sido a moral, o que reforça sua atenção filosófica pelas situações vividas singular e particularmente pelas subjetividades – daí ser impossível se deter em descrições abstratas tidas como imparciais ou indiferentes –, a autora deixa para nós um forte legado em relação à ontologia: na verdade, ambas, moral e ontologia, não seriam excludentes para Beauvoir, mas estariam ligadas à medida que teriam um ponto em comum, que é o de compreender a subjetividade sempre em situação e como da condição dela é possível evocar exatamente uma moral que visaria as condições autênticas da vida de cada existente. E quando ela menciona essa ontologia para considerar o modo de ser dos indivíduos no mundo, que é seu ser-no-mundo, o que se tem é a concepção de uma subjetividade que não recebe o sentido de sua situação passivamente: esse sentido apenas surge pelo desvelamento que se opera por um sujeito que é livre em seu próprio projeto. Esta ideia que será desenvolvida com vista ao modo pelo qual há uma relação cara entre moral (intersubjetividade) e ontologia (condição originalmente livre do indivíduo) em Beauvoir.
The aim is to establish a phenomenological perspectivism in a strong sense, according to which the notion of perspective functions as both a necessary and sufficient condition for appearance. This will be achieved through a critical dialogue with tradition and developing a new theoretical framework, which was opened in the last years. Firstly, by revisiting the theory of donation through profiles (Husserl) and subsequently critiquing the relationship between profile and thing as founded and dependent on a foundational notion of “perspective”. We will show that it no longer functions as part of a whole (pars pro toto), but as a total part (pars totalis). Secondly, by reconstructing the concept of noema, along with the debate it engenders–Gurwitsch and Merleau-Ponty against the so-called “Fregean” readings of the notion – and subsequently deconstructing its invariant “core” that would reunite perspectives. If the thing is also a “perspective”, perspectives must be linked differently, through their “margins” and not through the “center” of what appears. In this lateral and perspectivist intentionality based on the notion of “horizontality”, outlined at the end of this project, the horizon can be understood as total: phenomena do not “have” horizons, but “are” horizons. These two steps will allow us to move from the rehabilitation of i) perspective to ii) perspectivism from a phenomenological standpoint. Finally, we interrogate the “subjectivity” implied in this theory, which makes perspective “lived” and distinct from versions where the subject's position is derived from an unconscious, drive-oriented, or affective dynamic of perspective (especially against the perspectivism advocated by Deleuze).
A Brief Analysis of the Concepts of Perception and Intuition in the V and VI Logical Investigations (First Edition) by E. Husserl
Husserl's perspective on his Logical Investigations was to regard them as a starting point, an exploration into new paths and perspectives, stemming from an initial inquiry into pure mathematics that evolved into an investigation of consciousness. Published in 1900 and 1901 (and reissued in 1913), these volumes delve into various themes and issues within the realms of logic, epistemology, and ontology. The methodology employed therein is unique: a return to the endowment of meaning in consciousness, coupled with a meticulous, one might say exhaustive, exploration. The primary aim of this essay is to present and analyze two key concepts within these investigations: the concepts of intuition and perception, approached from their initial formulation, that is, as articulated by Husserl in that first edition, specifically in what is established in the fifth and sixth investigations.
Towards an ontological rehabilitation of the sensible in Maurice Merleau-Ponty
The purpose of this article is to reflect on the project of an ontological rehabilitation of the sensible in Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961). His philosophy aims to rehabilitate Being in the sensible, learning from the universe of painting to see beyond the visible – its in-between –, teaching us that Being reveals itself in parts, never in totality. This makes life and creation a single adventure: relearning how to see the world. An adventure that requires our continuous involvement, because the world is unfinished and yet to be created. Given this, we will see how, for the French thinker, the creation – both the artist's creative act and the viewer's resumption of the work – allows us to reflect on our participation in the world of life, showing that we are crossed by a fundamental passivity. According to him, this passivity is not opposed to activity. Activity and passivity are parts of the same phenomenon. For our study, we will investigate the philosopher's writings in which he deals with this topic, especially in the unfinished text The invisible and the invisible.
A literatura engajada em resistência às táticas de morte em Jean-Paul Sartre (1948-1977)
Como a finitude e a morte aparecem nos escritos políticos e literários de Sartre? Compreendendo essa pergunta em um íntimo vínculo entre escritor e leitor, a condição de ser finito inscreve-se em um nada ontológico e intencional do Para-si e, em seguida, em uma ação de tornar-se essencial no mundo, entre o real e o irreal. Morrer aparece em um acontecimento externo, mediado por forças alienadoras da liberdade, impactando a relação primordial com a literatura (colonialismo, censura, militarização). No período de 1948 a 1977, os temas abordados pela literatura engajada sartriana são: a poesia negra, a militarização da cultura, a ditadura brasileira e o papel do intelectual. O debate sobre a morte, para além da inteligibilidade do Para-si em apreender seu próprio fim, chama a atenção para o debate em torno de grupos totalitários e do fascismo, um desafio a uma literatura afirmativa da vida.